Kidney Failure

Kidney stone(renal calculi)


Parathyroid Gland

Unless accessory tissue is formed or hormone injections are given, parathormone deficiency results in death. Overactivity of the parathyroid glands, occurring in cases of parathyroid tumors or hyperplasia of the normal glands, results in decreased blood phosphorus and increased blood calcium; the calcium in the bloodstream is withdrawn from the bones, which become soft as a result. Crystallization of excess calcium excreted in the urine in hyperparathyroidism may cause formation of kidney stones. The calcium may be carried to and deposited in the soft tissues of the body by the bloodstream; calcium deposition may also cause dysfunction of various organs, particularly the kidneys.


1.) Constipation

Constipation that develops suddenly in people who have previously had normal bowel function may be a symptom of a serious disorder, such as excessive production of thyroid hormones or kidney failure. Disturbing changes in bowel habits should be reported to a physician.




2.) Kidney Dialysis

Also known as hemodialysis, medical treatment used to remove waste materials from the blood of patients lacking renal function. Blood from an artery is pumped through a dialyzer, or artificial kidney, where it flows past a semipermeable membrane. Dialysis fluid passing on the other side of the membrane removes unwanted elements in the blood by diffusion. The blood is then returned to the body through a vein.


3.) Lymphoma

The symptoms of lymphoma vary greatly from person to person, but most frequently the first symptom is a painless swelling of a lymph node in the neck, under an arm, or in the groin. Other symptoms of lymphoma can include shortness of breath; a dry, persistent cough; and pain from masses of tumor cells in various parts of the body, such as the chest or abdomen. Organs, such as the kidneys or liver, may stop functioning properly if lymphoma cells grow into tumors there. Some patients also develop fever, night sweats, or weight loss.




4.) Uremia

Uremia, presence in the bloodstream of too many chemical wastes such as urea, a nitrogen-rich waste product attributable to extra protein in the diet. As chemical wastes build up in the body they produce a toxic effect, possibly resulting in drowsiness, irritability, nausea, vomiting, breathlessness, headaches, and muscle cramps. In extreme cases, uremia may cause convulsions, coma, or death.
The kidneys normally filter chemical wastes from the blood and send them to the urinary system for elimination from the body.
Uremia most commonly develops when the kidneys fail to function properly. In some cases, however, uremia occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is reduced due to severe bleeding, serious burns, or heart attack, or when more wastes are formed in the bloodstream as a result of traumatic injuries or large surgical incisions than can be removed by the kidneys. A kidney stone, a tumor in the urinary tract, or a severely enlarged prostate in males may also cause uremia.
Victims of uremia due to kidney failure undergo kidney dialysis, a medical procedure that removes wastes from the blood. Transplantation of kidneys from healthy donors to uremic patients has also proven effective in some cases.

Kidney Disease and Treatment

Kidney

Kidneys are paired organs, each sharing equally the work of removing wastes and excess water from the blood. Remarkably, a single kidney can do the job of both if one kidney is lost through injury or disease. It sometimes occurs, although rarely, that a person is born with only one kidney. Such people are able to lead normal lives.

Canser

Bacterial infections, most frequently caused by the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli, can occur in any part of the urinary system. Antibiotics usually conquer the infection, although recurrent and chronic infections are not uncommon. The incidence of kidney and bladder cancer has risen markedly in the last 30 years. These cancers have been linked to various causative agents, primarily cigarette smoking, abuse of analgesics, obesity, and certain industrial chemicals. Treatment typically includes removal of cancerous tissue, followed by radiation therapy.

1.) Cystitis

In medicine, inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually from bacterial infection originating in the urethra, vagina, or, in more complicated cases, the kidneys. Cystitis may also be caused by irritation from crystalline deposits in the urine or from any condition or urologic abnormality that interferes with normal bladder function. Symptoms include painful or difficult urination, urinary urgency, and, in some cases, cloudy or bloody urine. Treatment is primarily with antibiotics.

2.) Diagnosis and treatment of disease and disorder

Urologists treat common disorders of the urinary system, including urinary tract infections; enuresis, the involuntary discharge of urine; cystitis, the inflammation of the bladder; tumors of the bladder; and mineral deposits in the kidney, commonly known as kidney stones. Urologists also specialize in disorders of the male reproductive system, such as enlargement of the prostate gland, and reproductive problems such as infertility and impotence.

3.) Gouty nephrophaty

Repeated attacks may result in the development of a condition known as chronic tophaceous gout. In this condition crystals of uric acid lodge as white, chalky material in soft body tissues and in and about the joints, where they may cause bursitis and destruction of bone. Large and deforming deposits may, after many years, settle in the outer margins of the ears, a characteristic feature of the disease. Chronic gout may also cause kidney damage by the formation of uric acid stones, a condition called urate, or gouty, nephropathy.

4.) Hermorrhagic fever

Hantaviruses, any of several members of the virus family Bunyaviridae that infect vertebrates (animals with backbones, including humans). Unlike most members of this family, which are carried by mosquitoes, ticks, or flies, hantaviruses are carried by specific rodent hosts and are transmitted directly from host to host by virus-laden saliva, urine, and feces. Humans are infected through exposure to the dried excretions from infected rodents. Hantaviruses cause two different human diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, in which damage to the kidneys is common, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, in which damage to the lungs is common.

Kidneys and the regulation of blood pressure

The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of blood pressure. Kidneys secrete the hormone renin, which causes arteries to contract, thereby raising blood pressure. The kidneys also control the fluid volume of blood, either by retaining salt or excreting salt into urine. When kidneys retain salt in the bloodstream, the salt attracts water, increasing the fluid volume of blood. As a higher volume of blood passes through arteries, it increases blood pressure.