Kidney Failure

Kidney stone(renal calculi)


Parathyroid Gland

Unless accessory tissue is formed or hormone injections are given, parathormone deficiency results in death. Overactivity of the parathyroid glands, occurring in cases of parathyroid tumors or hyperplasia of the normal glands, results in decreased blood phosphorus and increased blood calcium; the calcium in the bloodstream is withdrawn from the bones, which become soft as a result. Crystallization of excess calcium excreted in the urine in hyperparathyroidism may cause formation of kidney stones. The calcium may be carried to and deposited in the soft tissues of the body by the bloodstream; calcium deposition may also cause dysfunction of various organs, particularly the kidneys.


1.) Constipation

Constipation that develops suddenly in people who have previously had normal bowel function may be a symptom of a serious disorder, such as excessive production of thyroid hormones or kidney failure. Disturbing changes in bowel habits should be reported to a physician.




2.) Kidney Dialysis

Also known as hemodialysis, medical treatment used to remove waste materials from the blood of patients lacking renal function. Blood from an artery is pumped through a dialyzer, or artificial kidney, where it flows past a semipermeable membrane. Dialysis fluid passing on the other side of the membrane removes unwanted elements in the blood by diffusion. The blood is then returned to the body through a vein.


3.) Lymphoma

The symptoms of lymphoma vary greatly from person to person, but most frequently the first symptom is a painless swelling of a lymph node in the neck, under an arm, or in the groin. Other symptoms of lymphoma can include shortness of breath; a dry, persistent cough; and pain from masses of tumor cells in various parts of the body, such as the chest or abdomen. Organs, such as the kidneys or liver, may stop functioning properly if lymphoma cells grow into tumors there. Some patients also develop fever, night sweats, or weight loss.




4.) Uremia

Uremia, presence in the bloodstream of too many chemical wastes such as urea, a nitrogen-rich waste product attributable to extra protein in the diet. As chemical wastes build up in the body they produce a toxic effect, possibly resulting in drowsiness, irritability, nausea, vomiting, breathlessness, headaches, and muscle cramps. In extreme cases, uremia may cause convulsions, coma, or death.
The kidneys normally filter chemical wastes from the blood and send them to the urinary system for elimination from the body.
Uremia most commonly develops when the kidneys fail to function properly. In some cases, however, uremia occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is reduced due to severe bleeding, serious burns, or heart attack, or when more wastes are formed in the bloodstream as a result of traumatic injuries or large surgical incisions than can be removed by the kidneys. A kidney stone, a tumor in the urinary tract, or a severely enlarged prostate in males may also cause uremia.
Victims of uremia due to kidney failure undergo kidney dialysis, a medical procedure that removes wastes from the blood. Transplantation of kidneys from healthy donors to uremic patients has also proven effective in some cases.