Nephritis
General term for inflammatory diseases of the kidney. Although many types of nephritis exist, the most common form is glomerulonephritis, or Bright's disease. In the U.S., nephritis ranks high among the diseases that are a direct cause of death. Patients with acute nephritis generally recover, particularly children. A small percentage of cases result in chronic nephritis, which tends to be a progressive disease that gradually destroys the kidney.
Patients with acute nephritis often have a history of a streptococcal infection such as strep throat a few weeks before the onset of nephritis. The disease is characterized by fatigue, appetite loss, facial puffiness, abdominal or flank pain, and scanty, smoky, dark urine.
Chronic nephritis usually presents no symptoms, but the urine will be found to contain albumin and, on microscopic examination, red blood cells. When there is an advanced destruction of kidney tissue with grossly impaired kidney function, patients may develop high blood pressure and die of kidney or heart failure.
In recent years, techniques such as dialysis have been successful in removing poisons that accumulate in the blood of patients with kidney failure. Improvement in kidney transplantation techniques has given hope to patients in the last stage of nephritis.
Friday, November 14, 2008
KIDNEY INFECTION *
Treatment by preventing bacterial cell division
Loracarbef
Antibiotic drug used in the treatment of illnesses including bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, skin infection, urinary tract infection, and kidney infection—all of which are caused by specific bacteria. Loracarbef prevents the cell division and growth of bacteria by interfering with the formation of bacterial cell walls.
This drug is available by prescription in tablets and a dissolvable powder. The typical adult dosage is 200 to 400 mg every 12 hours for seven days. A reduced dosage based on body weight is prescribed for infants and children under the age of 12. The drug begins to take effect in about one hour.
Loracarbef should be taken at least one hour prior to eating or two hours after eating. Its use should continue for the full seven-day course to prevent reinfection. It should not be taken by persons with a known allergy to loracarbef or to cephalosporin-class antibiotics. It should be used with caution, at a reduced dosage, by persons with impaired kidney function, a history of colitis, penicillin allergies, and persons taking potent diuretics to increase the volume of urine excreted. This drug has not been proven safe for pregnant or breast-feeding women or for children under six months of age.
The most common side effects of loracarbef are diarrhea, abdominal pain, and skin rashes. Less common side effects are colitis, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, sleepiness, nervousness, insomnia, and dizziness. Use of loracarbef with potent diuretics increases the risk of kidney disease. Use with probenecid, an antigout drug, increases the levels of loracarbef in the bloodstream.
Treatment by interfering with bacterial metabolism
Nitrofurantoin
antibiotic drug used to treat bacterial infections of the bladder and kidneys. Nitrofurantoin kills susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella bacteria by breaking down cell walls and interfering with the bacteria’s metabolism.This drug is available by prescription only. It is taken orally in 25-mg, 50-mg, and 100-mg tablets and as a liquid suspension of 25 mg per 5-ml spoonful. The typical adult dosage for treatment of infections ranges from 50 to 100 mg every six hours, day and night. For prevention of recurrent infections, the usual adult dosage is 50 to 100 mg taken at bedtime. Dosages for children and infants over one month old are determined on the basis of age and weight and given on a similar schedule. The drug begins to take effect within 20 to 30 minutes.To prevent stomach irritation and increase the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin, it should be taken with a meal or a glass of water or milk. The liquid should be shaken well before measuring, and the dose may be diluted in water, milk, fruit juice, or baby formula. Although nitrofurantoin may cause the symptoms of a urinary tract infection to disappear within a few days, it should be taken for the length of time prescribed. If dizziness or drowsiness occurs, driving and other risk-related activities should be avoided. Nitrofurantoin should not be used by pregnant women, especially in the third trimester; by breast-feeding women; persons with impaired kidney function; or infants less than one month old. It should be used with extreme caution by persons with anemia, diabetes, electrolyte imbalances, vitamin-B deficiency, or any debilitating disease.Nitrofurantoin is a potentially toxic drug with many side effects. Stomach irritation is the most common. Nitrofurantoin may also cause abdominal or stomach pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting. A normal but harmless side effect is a change in the color of urine for the duration of treatment. Occasionally this drug may have serious, adverse effects on the lungs or liver. The elderly have an increased chance of experiencing side effects.This drug may interact adversely with other drugs including acetazolamide, anticholinergic medications, magnesium trisilicate, nalidixic acid, oral antacids, probenecid, sodium bicarbonate, and sulfinpyrazone.
Loracarbef
Antibiotic drug used in the treatment of illnesses including bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, skin infection, urinary tract infection, and kidney infection—all of which are caused by specific bacteria. Loracarbef prevents the cell division and growth of bacteria by interfering with the formation of bacterial cell walls.
This drug is available by prescription in tablets and a dissolvable powder. The typical adult dosage is 200 to 400 mg every 12 hours for seven days. A reduced dosage based on body weight is prescribed for infants and children under the age of 12. The drug begins to take effect in about one hour.
Loracarbef should be taken at least one hour prior to eating or two hours after eating. Its use should continue for the full seven-day course to prevent reinfection. It should not be taken by persons with a known allergy to loracarbef or to cephalosporin-class antibiotics. It should be used with caution, at a reduced dosage, by persons with impaired kidney function, a history of colitis, penicillin allergies, and persons taking potent diuretics to increase the volume of urine excreted. This drug has not been proven safe for pregnant or breast-feeding women or for children under six months of age.
The most common side effects of loracarbef are diarrhea, abdominal pain, and skin rashes. Less common side effects are colitis, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, sleepiness, nervousness, insomnia, and dizziness. Use of loracarbef with potent diuretics increases the risk of kidney disease. Use with probenecid, an antigout drug, increases the levels of loracarbef in the bloodstream.
Treatment by interfering with bacterial metabolism
Nitrofurantoin
antibiotic drug used to treat bacterial infections of the bladder and kidneys. Nitrofurantoin kills susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella bacteria by breaking down cell walls and interfering with the bacteria’s metabolism.This drug is available by prescription only. It is taken orally in 25-mg, 50-mg, and 100-mg tablets and as a liquid suspension of 25 mg per 5-ml spoonful. The typical adult dosage for treatment of infections ranges from 50 to 100 mg every six hours, day and night. For prevention of recurrent infections, the usual adult dosage is 50 to 100 mg taken at bedtime. Dosages for children and infants over one month old are determined on the basis of age and weight and given on a similar schedule. The drug begins to take effect within 20 to 30 minutes.To prevent stomach irritation and increase the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin, it should be taken with a meal or a glass of water or milk. The liquid should be shaken well before measuring, and the dose may be diluted in water, milk, fruit juice, or baby formula. Although nitrofurantoin may cause the symptoms of a urinary tract infection to disappear within a few days, it should be taken for the length of time prescribed. If dizziness or drowsiness occurs, driving and other risk-related activities should be avoided. Nitrofurantoin should not be used by pregnant women, especially in the third trimester; by breast-feeding women; persons with impaired kidney function; or infants less than one month old. It should be used with extreme caution by persons with anemia, diabetes, electrolyte imbalances, vitamin-B deficiency, or any debilitating disease.Nitrofurantoin is a potentially toxic drug with many side effects. Stomach irritation is the most common. Nitrofurantoin may also cause abdominal or stomach pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting. A normal but harmless side effect is a change in the color of urine for the duration of treatment. Occasionally this drug may have serious, adverse effects on the lungs or liver. The elderly have an increased chance of experiencing side effects.This drug may interact adversely with other drugs including acetazolamide, anticholinergic medications, magnesium trisilicate, nalidixic acid, oral antacids, probenecid, sodium bicarbonate, and sulfinpyrazone.
FEW LIST OF NOTABLE RECIPIENTS
Kidney Transplant
This list of notable organ transplant donors and recipients includes people who were the first to undergo certain organ transplant procedures or were people who made significant contributions to their chosen field and who have either donated or received an organ transplant at some point in their lives, as confirmed by public information.
Fashion critic and member of Entertainment Tonight. In November 2004 he announced that he was suffering from polycystic kidney disease and would require a kidney transplant. He underwent transplant surgery on January 14, 2005, after his friend Abby Finer donated one of her kidneys. Later, the kidney became infected by a virus, and in June 2005 he underwent a second operation to have the new kidney removed. On August 17, he announced that his body was free of the viral infection and that he was ready to find a new transplant. He then received a second kidney transplant, which was donated by his mother.Gary Coleman
- Actor who played Arnold on Diff'rent Strokes. Received two separate kidney transplants, one in 1973 and another in 1984.
Lucy Davis
- Actress best known for playing the character Dawn Tinsley in the BBC comedy, The Office. Kidney received in 1997, which was donated by her mother.
Sean Elliot
- NBA basketball star. The kidney was donated by his brother. Elliott made history by returning to play in the NBA following his surgery.
Jennifer Harman
- Poker player; only woman to win two open events in the World Series of Poker. Had two separate kidney transplants.
Jonah Lomu
- New Zealand All Blacks rugby union player. The kidney was donated by Wellington radio presenter Grant Kereama. Lomu came back to professional rugby in 2005, though not with his past success.
Alonzo Mourning
- NBA basketball star. Like Elliott, Mourning returned to play in the NBA following his surgery, and is currently playing.
George Lopez
- Actor-Comedian and star of The George Lopez Show. Kidney transplant from his wife, Ann Lopez in April 2005
Ron Spring
- Former NFL player. Kidney donated by former Dallas Cowboys teammate Everson Walls.
Billy Preston
- An American soul musician from Houston, Texas, raised mostly in Los Angeles, California.
Kerry Packer
- His long-serving helicopter pilot, Nick Ross, donated one of his own kidneys to Packer for transplantation.
Ken Howard
- Tony-winning actor who is best known for his role in the television show The White Shadow as basketball coach and former Chicago Bulls player, Ken Reeves.
Charles Perkins
- Australian soccer player, Aboriginal activist and government minister.
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