Albumin in Urine

Albumin occurs in very minute quantities in normal urine. however, if albumin is reported in the sample amount was more than normal.



The presence of albumin doest not necessary mean Bright's disease. It occurs temporarily as a result of overexertion, or acute illness. in persons under 30 years old. of age it may occur intermittently, being present once a day and not the next.



The presence of albumin in the urine should, however, always be considered as a danger signal indicating that some portion of the human machinery is not functioning properly.

the exact cause of the condition, its importance, as well as the the proper treatment, can be determined only by your physician after thorough examination.



Puffiness or swelling of the feet or ankles, impairment of vision, headaches, or shortness of breath, combined with albumin in the urine, are evidences of the need of immediate medical examination.



Directions of Persons Having albumin in Their Urine

Albumin persistently occurring in the urine, generally indicate Bright's disease. they may, of course, be the result of only temporary causes, as explained, but then they occur only intermittently. If albumin have been found in your urine it might be well to observe the following :



In Bright's disease it is necessary:

• to relieve the Kidneys of work as much as possible.


• to avoid all conditions that irritate the kidneys.

DECISION MAKING

Decision making should be quick from the family of the potential kidney donor, an important issue to talk with. This as also the success of kidney transplantation .

Potential Kidney Donors-
Vehicular accident family members to give full funeral assistance

• Let them understand that with their quick decision, approval, this may lead to make the the process a success.
• Reminding them that the greatest present anyone can give is the promise to save or enhance the life of another person.
• It is also possible to donate their kidneys, partial liver or lung while the patients still alive from the worst accident occurred.
• The most substantial personal gift they can give to make people extraordinarily happy.

Help packages for the kidney donors

Compensation of Lost Wages
Kidney problem is one of the most common issue at this time here in the Philippines. Some people donates their kidney, some people force themselves to sold their kidney, past and easy money they can get with the help of a sales agent. Most of them think that human can live normally with just one kidney,

Promoting Kidney donation is one of the solution to achieve the goal of many Foundation. giving help to the family of kidney donors is a big help, for the donor itself, most for the family, instead of selling their organs without knowledge of what will happened next after the kidney transplantation. (exploitation of human kidney trafficking)

Help packages for the donors and for the family will create a good reason to stop but not all, say lessen the the human organ trafficking. Compensation of lost wages from the donors will be given to the family, assistance needed by the donors like , medicine and other maintenance needs. good for the required time table both parties agreed upon.

THE KIDNEY STONE FORMERS

There are a number of documented cases of historical figures and distinguished members of society who were kidney stone formers. This condition is caused by nephrolithiasis, which are more commonly known as kidney stones, or urolithiasis, where the stone forms in the urinary system.

These are crystal deposits that can accrete in the urinary system when certain chemical substances become concentrated in the urine. Among the symptoms associated with nephrolithiasis are intense colicky pain, nausea, fever, chills, and the reduction or blockage of urine flow. Historically, the condition of having a kidney or bladder stone was referred to as "the stone" or "the gravel".

In certain cases, kidney stone formation played a pivotal role in history. Most notably, some members of the royalty and military leaders became debilitated at important moments, such as Napoleon III of France during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and Athenian commander Nicias in the disastrous Sicilian Expedition of 415–3 BCE. Despite this condition, artists such as Arthur Sullivan and Michel de Montaigne managed to produce historically distinguished works; providing an example of perseverance in the face of severe and chronic pain.

The medical advances of the Twentieth century have allowed important members of society to survive the condition, whereas in the past it may have proven debilitating or fatal.
According to Guinness World Records, the largest and heaviest kidney stone ever removed from a human came from Peter Baulman of Australia. It was removed from his right kidney in December 2003, and weighed 356 g (12.5 oz). At its widest point, the stone measured 11.86 cm (4.66 in).

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Stages

All individuals with a Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months are classified as having chronic kidney disease, irrespective of the presence or absence of kidney damage. The rationale for including these individuals is that reduction in kidney function to this level or lower represents loss of half or more of the adult level of normal kidney function, which may be associated with a number of complications.

All individuals with kidney damage are classified as having chronic kidney disease, irrespective of the level of GFR. The rationale for including individuals with GFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 is that GFR may be sustained at normal or increased levels despite substantial kidney damage and that patients with kidney damage are at increased risk of the two major outcomes of chronic kidney disease: loss of kidney function and development of cardiovascular disease.

The loss of protein in the urine is regarded as an independent marker for worsening of renal function and cardiovascular disease. Hence, British guidelines append the letter "P" to the stage of chronic kidney disease if there is significant protein loss.

• Stage 1 CKD
  Slightly diminished function; Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR (>90 mL/min/1.73 m2). Kidney damage is defined as pathologic abnormalities or markers of damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine test or imaging studies.
• Stage 2 CKD
  Mild reduction in GFR (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2) with kidney damage. Kidney damage is defined as pathologic abnormalities or markers of damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine test or imaging studies.
• Stage 3 CKD
  Moderate reduction in GFR (30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2). British guidelines distinguish between stage 3A (GFR 45-59) and stage 3B (GFR 30-44) for purposes of screening and referral.
• Stage 4 CKD
  Severe reduction in GFR (15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2)
• Stage 5 CKD
  Established kidney failure (GFR <15>

SUGAR IN URINE

Sugar in the urine, or glycosuria

Sugar when present in the urine requires further study in order to determine its significance.
sugar in the urine maybe be a temporry condition, due to eating large quantities of sweet, or to temporary emotional exitement, business worries, etc. it may be a chronic condition, due to derangement of disease of certain organs; this constitutes diabetes mellitus.

A temporary glycosuria is not of any importance exept that it may show a tendency toward the development of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the sugar in your urine may depend upon your diet, and may bepresent only on certain days and not on others.

The amount of sugar in the urine usually indicates the severity of the condition. a mild diabetes is very amenable to treatment without much discomfort to the patients. It cannot always be entirely cured but it can be arrested or ameliorated.

The new remedy, insulin, is unquestionably of great value, especially in controling the advanced or complicated cases. It furnishes the body with a substance that helps utilize its sugar. It can, therefore, be used over a long period of time but its use must be under the supervision of a competent physician.

HEART

At 21 days after conception, the human heart begins beating at 70 to 80 beats per minute and accelerates linearly for the first month of beating.

The heart is a muscular organ in all vertebrates responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in annelids, mollusks, and arthropods. The HEART beats about 72 times a minute. 100,000 times a day.

HUMAN HEART WITH CORONARY ARTERIES

The muscular organ which propels the body throughout the body. The human heart lies in the thoracic or chest cavity, between the lungs. it is roughly conical in shape, about 5 inch. long, weighs 9 to 11 oz. This organ is enclosed in a protective sac called the pericardium. A thin lubricating fluid secreted between the pericardium and the heart's surface facilitates the beating of the heart within its enclosure. An impermeable fibrous partition divides the heart into two parts, each of which contains two chambers, an auricles and passes through valves into the ventricles, which force it into the arteries. the cardiac cycle consists of

(1) simultaneous contraction of both auricle

(2) simultaneous contraction of both ventricle

(3) a period of relaxation.

The first two are known as systole, the third one as diastole.The heart muscle is of the involuntary type, ie., not under control of the will. Heart action is regulated by two sets of nerves, one acting to inhibit, the other to accelerate its beating.

HUMAN HEART

HEART

URINE

URINE
Low specific gravity of urine may be merely a temporary condition, the result of drinking large quantities of water or other liquids shortly before voiding the sample of urine submitted for examination. when more water is taken than the system requires, the excess is promptly excreted by the kidneys. the habit of drinking water freely may be beneficial for some persons, but it is not advisable as a steady practice. It throws extra work upon the heart and kidneys.the chemical and microscopic examination of urine of low specific gravity is not a fair test of condition of the kidneys.. Therefore, if you have been notified that a sample you submitted for laboratory examination had low specific gravity, an additional specimen should be taken. by restriction of liquids or water for several hours before voiding, your urine will become more concentrated and usually show a higher specific gravity.Persistent low specific gravity of the urine, not due to excessive water drinking, is not a normal condition and usually indicates a chronic form of kidney trouble or hardening of the arteries which occurs usually in very old people. such a condition should be investigated by your physician in order to determine the exact cause.

THE HILUS

THE HILUM

The renal hilum (Latin hilum renale) of the kidney is the recessed central fissure. The medial border of the kidney is concave in the center and convex toward either extremity; it is directed forward and a little downward. Its central part presents a deep longitudinal fissure, bounded by prominent overhanging anterior and posterior lips. This fissure is named the hilum, and transmits the vessels, nerves, and ureter.

DIAGNOSIS

Clinical diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the location and severity of the pain, which is typically colic in nature (comes and goes in spasmodic waves). Pain in the back occurs when calculi produce an obstruction in the kidney

STAR SHAPE BLADDER UROLITH
KIDNEY STONE IMAGE (at the tip of an ultrasonic instrument)
URETERAL (double-J) STENTS
KIDNEY STONE
STRUVITE STONE ( Staghorn calculus )
BLADDER STONE

CLOUDY URINE

Occasionally the urine when voided will be very cloudy and look like milk instead of the clear amber urine is due to the precipitation of certain salts known as phosphates which occur in normal urine. When the urine is alkaline or neutral this phosphates are precipitated from the urine inside the bladder, and they irritate the lining of the bladder causing frequent urination. This condition usually is a temporary one-- it does not indicate serious trouble and often causes unnecessary alarm. It is due chiefly to diet and also occurs in nervous dyspepsia are subject to this condition of voiding a milky object to this condition of voiding a milky urine.



When the urine is cloudy due to phosphates it does not require medical attention, but merely correction of the diet to limit the amount of fish, mat, eggs, out metal, , and to eat more vegetable, lemon, oranges, and time juice and more vegetables, lemons, oranges, and lime juice make the urine alkaline, causing phosphates to be precipitated and the urine to become cloudy.



Any nervous strain or worry must be avoided and avobe all no one should become alarmed at the gross appearance of the urine without laboratory examination.

THE CAPACITY OF THE BLADDER

The capacity of the bladder is affected by certain local conditions which prevent the bladder from completely emptying itself. this condition may be due to an enlargement of the prostate gland, to an overfilled rectum, etc.

URINE-EXCRETED BY THE KIDNEYS

The amount of urine excreted by the kidneys is affected by certain physiological conditions, especially by the amount of fluids taken into the system, and certain foods and drugs which stimulates kidney activity. it is also affected by certain systemic conditions or diseases, such as :

• diabetes,


• high blood pressure,


• and a certain form of Bright's disease.

Lowering of external temperature causes the kidneys to secrete more urine due to the cessation of the sweat glands to excrete perspiration, and due to decreased loss of moisture from the lungs during breathing.

FREQUENT URINATION

Experience has taught us that human machine requires three meals per day to do its work properly, and nature has provided for the elimination of the waste product at periodic intervals. The amount of urine which an ordinary bladder holds when the desire to urinate is first felt is about eight ounces. A normal person will void his urine during the day about every four or five hours, and as a rule a person can sleep at night for eight hours without voiding.

The frequency of voiding the urine depends upon:

1. the amount of urine excreted by the kidneys.
2. the capacity of the bladder.
3. the sensitiveness of the bladder.

THE SENSITIVENESS OF THE BLADDER.

The next step to determined it is due to any local condition.

Stricture, enlarge prostate gland in men past 40 yrs. of age, stone in the bladder, an old gonorrheal infection of the seminal vesicles or of the posterior urethra, and in women to a faulty position of the uterus causing pressure in the bladder. A careful examination by a family physician will enable him to advice if any local condition needs attention.

Occasionally, in certain cases, no inconvenience is experienced during the day but at night the kidneys secrete more urine, and after retiring it is necessary to get up frequently to void this condition, in the absence of any local trouble, is usually the result of complete rest in bed which removes the extra work required of the heart during the day. The result is that the heart performs its excretory work better at night, the circulation of blood is improved, and the kidneys secrete more urine. This occurs especially when the heart is weakened and has no reserve power. such people often complain of shortness of breath when climbing stairs or walking up a hill. For such symptoms a first class physician should be consulted promptly to make a careful examination of the heart, and then advice accordingly.

One of the commonest causes of frequent urination in young men is an old, uncured gonorrheal infection. There is no discharge of pus, but the germs cause an irritation and make the urethra very sensitive. this condition can be cured by proper medical care, but it requires prolong treatment owing to the chronic condition.

The commonest cause in older men, especially past 50 yrs. of age, is a hypertrophy or enlargement of the prostate gland. the enlarge prostate gland presses upon the outlet of the bladder so that the bladder muscles cannot completely expel all the urine, and one-fourth or one-half of the urine remains in the bladder, according to severity of the condition. The result of this is that the urine becomes alkaline, or frequently becomes infected, causing a cystitis or inflammation of the bladder. when this symptoms indicate that the prostate gland is enlarged, consult your family physician to let him determine after he has made a recall examination if it is only a temporary condition and whether he can relieve the symptoms by local massage and treatment. If it is due to chronic condition and requires the use of catheter to draw off the urine, then the only cure is of the gland by operation. the best results are obtained before any complications occur, such as inflammation of the bladder or kidneys.

In women, especially in those who have borne children, a displacement of the uterus occasionally occurs. When the uterus falls forward it presses against the neck of the bladder and causes frequent urination. this often can be very readily corrected by the family doctor.

THE SENSITIVENESS OF THE BLADDER..

The sensitiveness of the bladder is increased by a certain local conditions and by certain nervous or reflex causes, chiefly a cystitis or inflammation of the bladder, stones in the bladder, an inflammation of the seminal vesicles, ulcer near the neck of the bladder, or increased amount of phosphates in the urine resulting from a faulty diet; also in case of neurasthenia when the condition of the nervous system is below normal, especially due to worry, excitement, or nervous strain of any kind, bladder sensitiveness seems increased.

The treatment of frequent urination depends to a great extent on the cause of the condition in each particular case. By careful microscopic and chemical examination of the urine it is possible to discover such causes as diabetes, nephritis, cystitis, and, in some cases, stones in the bladder, or ulcer of the bladder. the treatment in such cases is the removal of the cause.

If the urine is found to be entirely normal it is advisable first to restrict the amount of fluids taken into the system. for example, if the person gets up frequently at night to void the urine, he should not drink liquids before retiring, nor drink any water after six o'clock in the evening. the amount of coffee and tea used should be curtailed at the same time, or entirely discontinued. If necessary, the amount of other fluids should be restricted during the day as well as in the evening.

AVOID IRRITATING THE KIDNEYS

To avoid irritating the kidneys

a.) Safeguard against excessive exercise or too hard physical work-lifting or straining efforts appear to be especially bad. Your occupation may be such that you cannot entirely control this element, but you can at least improve matters by resting as much as possible and avoiding unnecessary muscular effort. Moderate exercise, like walking, does no harm in mild case.

b.) Avoid catching cold by wearing clothing suitable to the climate or season of year, by avoiding draughts, or by not getting chilled or wet, by keeping the feet dry by not allowing living rooms to become too hot or too cold. Keep in the open air and sunshine all you can and sleep with the bedroom windows open.

c.) Prevent any undue nervous strain, excitement, exercise mental activity, too close application to work, and emotional excitement.

d.) Cut out all alcohol in any form. The popular notion that gin is beneficial has no scientific support.

e.) Avoid certain articles of food, such as onions, radishes, garlic, asparagus, and especially pepper, Tabasco, and rich spices.

f.) Local infections, such as bad teeth, infected ears, and nasal cavities, bad tonsils, chronic abscesses anywhere in the body, appear to damage the kidneys through poisons absorbed into the blood. This conditions should be sought for and treated by competent physicians or dentists.

g.) drink water freely, but not to excess, and preferably not not too much during meals. The alkaline waters, such as Vichy, or lemonade, are beneficial. A pinch of baking soda (as much as can be heaped on a dime) in a glass of water in the morning on arising is highly recommended.

h.) Person's with advanced Bright's Disease unquestionably do better in temperate, equable, balmy climates such as in Florida or South California, and off course the mild case improve more rapidly in such climates.

To Relieve the Kidneys of Unnecessary works.

TO RELIEVE THE KIDNEYS OF UNNECESSARY WORKS

a.) Limit the Diet

Particularly by reducing the amount of meat you eat. a person can stay in good health if he eats meat only once a a day, and then in very moderate quantities, preferably boiled meats. Peas, beans, macaroni, spaghetti, milk can be used instead of of the meat. Fruits, especially the citrous fruits, are very beneficial. Ordinary table salt should not be used to excess.

b.) Keep the bowels open

At least one good passage a day is essential.

c.) Keep the skin active

By taking a hot bath daily.

d.) If you are overweight, reduce your weight by eating less. Persons with pronounced kidney trouble should not follow the methods of reducing given under the section on Overweight because this diet is rather rich in meat. It is more advisable to have your doctor give you detailed advice as to methods of weight reduction.