COMMON CAUSES

The most common causes of CKD are diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Together, these cause approximately 75% of all adult cases. Certain geographic areas have a high incidence of HIV nephropathy.
1.) Vascular, includes large vessel disease such as bilateral renal artery stenosis and small vessel disease such as ischemic nephropathy, hemolytic-uremic syndrome and vasculitis

2.) Glomerular, comprising a diverse group and subclassified into

• a.) Primary Glomerular disease such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and IgA nephritis


• b.) Secondary Glomerular disease such as diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis
  

3.) Tubulointerstitial including polycystic kidney disease, drug and toxin-induced chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and reflux nephropathy

• a.) Polycystic kidney disease (PKD, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome) is a progressive, ciliopathic, genetic disorder of the kidneys. It occurs in humans and other organisms. PKD is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts (hence, "polycystic") in both kidneys. The disease can also damage the liver, pancreas, and rarely, the heart and brain. The two major forms of polycystic kidney disease are distinguished by their patterns of inheritance.


• b.) Reflux nephropathy, RN is a term applied when small and scarred kidneys (chronic pyelonephritis, CPN) are associated with vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR). CPN being the commonest cause, there are other causes including analgesic nephropathy and obstructive injury. Scarring is essential in developing RN and occurs almost during the first five years of life. The end results of RN are hypertension, proteinuria, CRF and eventually ESRD, end stage renal disease.

4.) Obstructive such as with bilateral kidney stones and diseases of the prostate

• a.) The prostate (from Greek p??st?t?? - prostates, literally "one who stands before", "protector", "guardian" is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system. Women do not have a prostate gland, although women do have microscopic paraurethral Skene's glands connected to the distal third of the urethra in the prevaginal space that are homologous to the prostate.
  
  

The prostate differs considerably among species anatomically, chemically, and physiologically.